English Coinage of the Stuarts Pre-Commonwealth

[Deeman]

Penny

Milled pattern penny adopted for Briot's first issue. The obverse depicts a crowned bust of the king with falling lace collar facing left, value 'I' behind flanked by lozenges with rose above, within a circumscription translating to 'Charles, by the Grace of God, Great Britain, France and Ireland, King'. The reverse depicts the Royal Arms within a garnished square-topped shield over cross moline within a circumscription, divided by the cross arms, translating to 'Justice strengthens the throne'.



c1630 milled pattern penny, no initial marks.
Obverse inscription is CAR D: G MAG BRIT FR ET H R, starting at 7 o'clock, pellet stops, wire line inner circle.
Reverse inscription is IVSTIT / IA THR / ONVM / FIRMAT, pellet after IA, wire line inner circle.


Milled pattern penny with obverse depicting a crowned 'C' with three lozenges, within a circumscription translating to 'Charles, by the Grace of God, Great Britain, France and Ireland, King'. The reverse depicts a double rose within a circumscription translating to 'Will flourish forever'.



Milled pattern penny, lozenge initial mark on obverse, rosette on reverse.
Obverse inscription is CAR D: G MAG BRIT FR ET HI R, pellet stops, wire line inner circle.
Reverse inscription is FLOREBIT IN ÆVVM, lozenge stops, wire line inner circle.

[Deeman]

Halfpenny

The halfpenny was 11mm diameter. The obverse depicts a crowned 'CR' with three lozenges without a circumscription. The reverse depicts a double rose without a circumscription.



Milled pattern halfpenny, no marks.

[Deeman]

Charles I Copper Farthings

Privy marks

Copper farthings were issued under licence, first by the Duke of Richmond and then by Lord Maltravers. These issues carried numerous privy marks which were changed at intervals.

Richmond privy marks:

Type 1a on obverse (crown with 5 jewels), re-cut James dies (CARO over IACO): coronet, crescent with mullet.
Type 1b on obverse (crown with 9 jewels), re-cut James dies (CARO over IACO): dagger, mascle.
Type 2 on obverse: Lombardic 'A', Lombardic 'A' with pellet below, annulet, annulet with pellet within, bell, book, castle, cinquefoil, crescent (large and small), cross (pellets in angles), cross calvary, cross pattée, cross pattée fitchée, cross patonce, cross patonce in saltire, cross saltire, dagger, ermine, estoile (pierced), eye, fish hook, fleece, fusil, two fusils, halberd, harp, heart, horseshoe, key, leaf, lion passant, lis large, lis demi, three lis, martlet, mascle with pellet within, nautilus, pike head, rose, shield, star, tower, trefoil, tun, woolpack, woolpack over crescent.
Type 3 on obverse, contraction apostrophes, bird-headed harp: lion rampant, trefoil.
Type 4 on obverse, contraction apostrophes, beaded harp: rose.
Type 5 on obverse, contraction apostrophes, scroll-fronted harp, crown with 5 jewels: rose.
Type 6 on obverse, contraction apostrophes, scroll-fronted harp, crown with 7 jewels: rose, rose on uncut square flan.
Type 7 oval flan, on one or both sides, re-cut James dies (CARO over IACO), inscription starts bottom left: cross pattée.
Type 8 oval flan, on obverse only: demi-lis.
Type 9 oval flan, on reverse: martlet, millrind.
Type 10 oval flan, on both sides: crescent, goutte, '9'.
Type 11 oval flan, on both sides, contraction apostrophes: rose.
Type 12 oval flan, on obverse: rose.
Transitional issue, on obverse, double-arched crown, ornate harp: harp, quatrefoil.

Maltravers privy marks:

Type 1 on reverse, contraction apostrophes, inner circles: rose, woolpack.
Type 2 on both sides, inner circles: bell, lis, tun, woolpack.
Type 3 different on each side, inner circles: rose/woolpack, martlet/bell, portcullis/woolpack, lis/portcullis, bell/harp, billet/harp.
Type 4 oval flan, on both sides, no inner circles: large lis.

Maltravers Rose series privy marks:

Rose type 1 on obverse, reverse or both, large double-arched crown: lis, martlet.
Rose type 2 on obverse, reverse or both, small double-arched crown: lis.
Rose type 3 on obverse, crown with pointed sides: crescent, lis, cross pattée, mullet.
Rose type 4a on both sides, single-arched crown, CAROLVS, MAG, FRAN, HIB: crescent, lis, mullet.
Rose type 4b on both sides, single-arched crown, CARLOV, MA, FRA, HI: crescent, mullet.
Rose type 5 on both sides, sceptres under crown: mullet.

Oval flans, Richmond types 7-12 and Maltravers type 4, were issued for use in Ireland. The Maltravers Rose farthings were also authorised for use in Ireland but do not seem to have reached there.

[Deeman]

Richmond issues

The farthing was 16-17mm diameter. Oval issues were 16-17mm x 14.5-16mm. The obverse depicts two lis-headed sceptres in saltire through a crown. The reverse depicts a harp surmounted by a crown. The circumscription on the obverse translates to 'Charles, by the Grace of God, Great Britain' with a reverse circumscription of 'France and Ireland, King' completing his titles.




1625-34 Richmond type 1a, crescent with mullet privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO (over IACO) D G MAG BRI, colon stops, 5-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 1b, dagger privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO (over IACO) D G MAG BRI, colon stops, 9-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 1b, mascle privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO (over IACO) D G MAG BRIT, colon stops, 9-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 2, harp privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, colon stops, 9-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 2, star privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, colon stops, 9-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 3, trefoil privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRIT, pellet stops, 9-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 4, rose privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, beaded harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 5, rose privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops, 5-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, scroll-fronted harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 6, rose privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops, 7-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, scroll-fronted harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 6, uncut square flan, rose privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops, 7-jewel crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, scroll-fronted harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 7, oval flan, cross pattée privy mark both sides. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, starts bottom left, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, starts bottom left, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 8, oval flan, demi-lis privy mark on obverse. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, starts bottom left, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, starts bottom left, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 9, oval flan, martlet privy mark on reverse. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, starts bottom left, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, starts bottom left, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 10, oval flan, '9' privy mark both sides. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO D G MAG BRI, starts bottom left, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, starts bottom left, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 11, oval flan, rose privy mark both sides. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRI, starts bottom left, pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, starts bottom left, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1625-34 Richmond type 12, oval flan, rose privy mark on obverse. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRI, starts bottom left, pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, starts bottom left, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634 Richmond transitional issue, quatrefoil privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CARO' D' G' MAG' BRI', pellet stops, double-arched crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, double-arched crown, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.

[Deeman]

Maltravers issues

The farthing was 16-17mm diameter. The obverse depicts two lis-headed sceptres in saltire through a crown within inner circle. The reverse depicts a harp surmounted by a crown within inner circle. The circumscription on the obverse translates to 'Charles, by the Grace of God, Great Britain' with a reverse circumscription of 'France and Ireland, King' completing his titles.




1634-36 Maltravers type 1, woolpack privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 2, bell privy mark both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D G MAG BRIT, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 2, martlet privy mark both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT, pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 2, rose privy mark both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT, pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 2, small lis privy mark both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D G MAG BRIT, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN ET HIB REX, colon stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 3, harp privy mark on obverse, billet on reverse.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT', pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 6 strings.




1634-36 Maltravers type 4, oval flan, large lis privy mark both sides, no inner circles. Issued for use in Ireland.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT', starts bottom left, pellet stops.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, starts bottom left, pellet stops, bird-headed harp, 7 strings.

[Deeman]

Maltravers Rose issues

The farthing was 13-14mm diameter with wedge of brass at 12 o'clock. Latterly struck on a squarish flan. The obverse depicts two lis-headed sceptres in saltire through a crown within inner circle. The reverse depicts a rose surmounted by a crown normally within inner circle broken by the crown. The circumscription on the obverse translates to 'Charles, by the Grace of God, Great Britain' with a reverse circumscription of 'France and Ireland, King' completing his titles.




1636-42 Rose type 1, lis privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRI, pellet stops, large double-arched crown.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops, no inner circle.




1636-42 Rose type 2, lis privy mark on obverse.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRIT, pellet stops, small double-arched crown.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIBER' REX, pellet stops.




1636-42 Rose type 3, mullet privy mark on obverse, lis on reverse.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRI, pellet stops, small double-arched crown with pointed sides.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops.




1636-42 Rose type 4a, crescent privy mark on both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MAG' BRI, pellet stops, single-arched crown with pointed sides.
Reverse inscription is FRAN' ET HIB' REX, pellet stops.




1636-42 Rose type 4b, mullet privy mark on both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLVS D' G' MA' BRI, pellet stops, single-arched crown with pointed sides.
Reverse inscription is FRA' ET HI' REX, pellet stops.




1636-42 Rose type 5, mullet privy mark on both sides.
Obverse inscription is CAROLV D: G MAG B, pellet stops, sceptres below crown.
Reverse inscription is FRA ET HIB REX, colon stops.

[Deeman]

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