English Coinage of the Lancastrian & Yorkist Plantagenets

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign, light coinage, quarter-ryal

The obverse of the quarter-ryal depicts a Royal shield within a quadrilobe with fleurs in spandrels, 'Є' above shield, lis below, rose to left, sun to right, within a circumscription normally translating to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England'. Rare quarter-ryals are also known with the obverse inscription ending with 'z FR' for the French title. The reverse design is a rose within a sunburst upon a floriated cross with lis terminals within a tressure of eight arches, and in each angle of the cross, a lion passant guardant, all within a circumscription EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA translating to 'He shall be exalted in glory', Psalm 112:9.




1465-68 quarter-ryal, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', pellet stops, combined sun & rose initial mark.
Reverse inscription is ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA, trefoil stops, sun initial mark, tressure broken into four dual crescents.




1466-67 quarter-ryal, London, crown initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA, trefoil stops.




1467-68 quarter-ryal, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', double trefoil stops, sun initial mark.
Reverse inscription is ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA, no stops, combined crown & sun initial mark.




1468-69 quarter-ryal, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', trefoil stops, crown initial mark.
Reverse inscription is ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA, trefoil stops, combined crown & rose initial mark.




1469-70 quarter-ryal, London, long cross fitchée initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z, saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA, trefoil stops.

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign, light coinage, angel

The angel had a value of 6/8. The obverse of the angel depicts archangel St. Michael, winged and haloed, vanquishing the dragon, within a circumscription translating to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France, Lord of Ireland'. The reverse design is an English galley with a large rose and sun set below the main topmast, the ship surmounted by square-topped shield bearing the King's arms, all within a circumscription of PER CRVCE TVA SALVA NOS XPC REDEMPTOR or abbreviations thereof translating to 'By Thy cross save us, O Christ Redeemer'.

The gold angel of Philip VI of France (1341) is the first gold coin to portray St. Michael slaying the dragon.




1468-69 angel, London, reverse rose initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC DnS I B, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PRVCЄ / TVA SALVA' nOS XPЄ' RЄDЄmPTOR, trefoil stops.

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign groat

The obverse of the groat depicts a crowned bust facing within a double tressure of nine arches with fleurs on cusps, all within a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription, commencing with an initial mark, is POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translating to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the mint.




1461-64 heavy coinage lis-pellet issue groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, cross fleury initial mark first coin, plain cross initial mark second coin, saltire stops, fleurs on seven tressure cusps, lis on neck, pellets flanking crown.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, lis initial mark; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, small extra pellet in CIVI and LOn quadrants.




1461-64 heavy coinage groat, London, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA' RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, crescent on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CITI / TAS / LOn / DOn, saltire before TAS, double saltire after LOn and DOn.




1464-65 light coinage groat, London, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, seven fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; CITI / TAS / LOn / DOn, lis after TAS.




1465 light coinage groat, Coventry.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', sun initial mark, saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'C' on cusp at base of breast.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm' A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, rose initial mark, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / COVЄ' / TRЄ.




1465 light coinage groat, Norwich, sun initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'n' on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / NOR / VIC, saltire after VIC.




1465 light coinage groat, Norwich, sun initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAn', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'n' on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / NOR / WIC.




1465-66 light coinage groat, Bristol, sun initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'B' on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOW, saltire after LA.




1466-67 light coinage groat, Bristol, crown initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'B' on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOLL, saltire after LA.




1467-68 light coinage groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, no marks at neck, seven fleurs on tressure cusps. Sun initial mark on first coin, combined crown & sun initial mark on second.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CITI / TAS / LOn / DOn. Crown initial mark on first coin, sun initial mark on second.




1467-70 light coinage groat, York, lis initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI [GRA RЄX] AnGL' z FRAnC, saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, 'Є' on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, double saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI.

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign half-groat

The obverse of the half-groat depicts a crowned bust facing within a double tressure of nine arches with fleurs on cusps, all within a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription, commencing with an initial mark, is POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translating to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the mint.




1461-64 heavy coinage half-groat, London, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA' RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, trefoil on cusp at base of breast, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CITI / TAS / LOn / DOn, mascle with pellet after TAS.




1464-67 light coinage half-groat, Canterbury, obverse pall initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRA, no stops, six fleurs on tressure cusps, knot below breast. Archbishop Thomas Bourchier 1455-86.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / [DЄVm A] / DIVTOR / Є' mЄVm, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / CAn / TOR.




1467-68 light coinage half-groat, Canterbury.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL z FR, crown initial mark, saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck. Archbishop Thomas Bourchier 1455-86.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, sun initial mark, no stops; CIVI / TAS / CAn / TOR.




1467-68 light coinage half-groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' FR, crown initial mark, no stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, seven fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, sun initial mark, no stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1467-68 light coinage half-groat, Bristol.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' FR, crown initial mark, no stops, quatrefoils flanking neck, six fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are [POSVI] / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / [Є mЄVm], sun initial mark, no stops; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOL.

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign penny

The obverse design is a bust facing and a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward, king of England and France' or 'Edward, king of England' or 'Edward, by the Grace of God, king of England'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée dividing the coin into four quadrants circumscribed by an inscription, identifying the mint, split across the quadrants, with each inner quadrant having a trio of pellets.




1461-64 heavy coinage lis-pellet issue penny, London, plain cross initial mark. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWAR RЄX AnGL' z FRA, saltire after ЄDWAR, mascle after RЄX, lis on neck, pellets flanking crown.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, small extra pellet in TAS and DOn quadrants.




1462-64 heavy coinage penny, Durham, local dies, cross fleury initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD RЄX AnGLI. King's Receiver issue as Bishop Lawrence Booth was temporarily relieved of control of Durham in 1462, eventually being restored in 1464.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / [TAS / DVn] / OLI, rose at centre of cross.




1462-64 heavy coinage penny, Durham, local dies, plain cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЭDWARD [RЭX] AnGLIЭ, retrograde 'Є'. King's Receiver issue.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / [TAS / DVn] / OLI, rose at centre of cross.




1464 heavy coinage penny, London, rose initial mark. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL, saltire stops, quatrefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, eye after TAS.




1464 heavy coinage penny, London, rose initial mark. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL, saltire stops, annulets flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1466-67 light coinage penny, Bristol, crown initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, no stops, quatrefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is VIL / LA B / RIS / TOW, TOW over CIVI.




1466-67 light coinage penny, Bristol, crown initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL, no stops, quatrefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is VIL / LA B / RIS / TOLL.




1466-67 light coinage penny, London, crown initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL, no stops, quatrefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1467-70 light coinage penny, York episcopal, lis initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD [DI GRA RЄX] AnG, 'G' and key flanking bust. Archbishop George Neville 1464-76.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, quatrefoil at centre of cross.




1469-70 light coinage penny, London, long cross fitchée initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, no stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.

[Deeman]

Edward IV first reign halfpenny and farthing

The obverse design is a bust facing and a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward, king of England' or 'Edward, by the Grace of God, king'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée dividing the coin into four quadrants circumscribed by an inscription, identifying the mint, split across the quadrants, with each inner quadrant having a trio of pellets.




1461-64 heavy coinage lis-pellet issue halfpenny, London, plain cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD RЄX AnG', lis on neck, pellets flanking crown.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, small extra pellet in DOn quadrant.




1464-65 heavy coinage halfpenny, London, rose initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX, quatrefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1468-69 light coinage halfpenny, London, crown initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI G[RA RЄX], trefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1464-65 heavy coinage farthing, London, rose initial mark. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI' GRA RЄ[X], no marks on bust.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1466-67 light coinage farthing, London, crown initial mark. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI' GRA [RЄX], trefoils flanking neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.

[Deeman]

Henry VI restored

This coinage closely follows that of Edward IV, with the exception of the gold ryal which was discontinued and the addition of a half-angel. They were all struck in the period of Oct 1470 to Apr 1471 under the restoration of Henry VI who had just been released from imprisonment of the Tower of London. Within a year he was imprisoned again and this time executed within the Tower walls, a few steps away from the old mint where this coinage was struck.

Six denominations were struck during the restored reign of Henry VI:
Angel and half-angel (London and Bristol mints).
Groat (London, Bristol and York mints).
Half-groat (London and York mints).
Penny (London, Bristol and York mints).
Halfpenny (London and Bristol mints).

The following initial marks were used:



Initial marks by denomination. Where initial marks are on both sides and differ, the initial marks are listed with an oblique separator with obverse listed first. Small silver only has an initial mark on the obverse.

Angel:
London: restoration cross on obverse or reverse; cross pattée; lis; short cross fitchée; no initial mark.
Bristol: restoration cross; no initial mark.

Half-angel:
London: cross pattée; restoration cross; lis.
Bristol: restoration cross.

Groat:
London: cross pattée; cross pattée / restoration cross; cross pattée / lis; restoration cross; restoration cross / cross pattée; restoration cross / lis; restoration cross / short cross fitchée.
Bristol: restoration cross; restoration cross / rose; restoration cross / trefoil; trefoil; trefoil / restoration cross; trefoil / rose; trefoil / short cross fitchée.
York royal: lis; lis / sun.

Half-groat:
London: restoration cross.
York royal: lis.

Penny:
London: cross pattée; restoration cross; short cross fitchée.
Bristol: short cross fitchée.
York episcopal: lis.

Halfpenny:
London: short cross fitchée; restoration cross.
Bristol: restoration cross.

[Deeman]

Henry VI restored angel and half-angel

The obverse of both an angel and half-angel depicts archangel St. Michael, winged and haloed, vanquishing the dragon, within a circumscription translating to 'Henry by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is an English galley with the monogram 'h' and a lis set below the main topmast, the ship surmounted by square-topped shield bearing the King's arms, all within a circumscription. The reverse inscription of an angel is of PER CRVCE TVA SALVA NOS XPC REDEMPTOR or abbreviations thereof translating to 'By Thy cross save us, O Christ Redeemer'. The reverse inscription of a half-angel is O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA or abbreviations thereof translating to 'Hail thou cross my only hope'. The half angels are very rare.




1470-71 angel, London, reverse restoration cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICVS DI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnCIЄ, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR / CRVSЄ TVA SALVA nOS XPC' RЄDЄ'T', trefoil stops.




1470-71 angel, London, obverse restoration cross initial mark (at end).
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICVS DI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄRCR / VCSЄ TVA SALVA nOS XPC' RЄDЄ' TOR, trefoil stops.




1470-71 angel, London, reverse cross pattée initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnC, trefoil stops, bowsprit does not intrude wording.
Reverse inscription is PЄR' CRVSЄ TVA SALVA nOS XPC' RЄDЄ'TOR, trefoil stops.




1470-71 angel, Bristol, reverse restoration cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICVS DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnC, trefoil stops, trefoils flanking shield.
Reverse inscription is PЄR / CRVSЄ TVA SALVA nOS XPC' RЄDЄT', trefoil stops, 'B' in waves.




1470-71 angel, Bristol, no initial marks.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICVS DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnC DnS, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄRCR / VCЄ TVA SALVA nOS XPC' RЄDЄ' TOR, trefoil stops, 'B' in waves.




1470-71 half-angel, London, reverse cross pattée initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL z FR / A, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is O / CRVX AVЄ SPЄS V nICA, trefoil stops.

[Deeman]

Henry VI restored groat and half-groat

The obverse of the groat and half-groat depicts a crowned bust facing within a nine-arched double tressure, all within a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Henry by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription, commencing with an initial mark, is POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translating to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the mint.




1470-71 groat, London.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, cross pattée initial mark, trefoil stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm ЄVm, lis initial mark; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, trefoil after DЄVm on first groat, no stops on second groat.




1470-71 groat, London.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, cross pattée initial mark, trefoil stops, fleurs on six tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm ЄVm, restoration cross initial mark; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, no stops.




1470-71 groat, London, restoration cross initial marks.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm ЄVm; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, trefoil after DЄVm.




1470-71 groat, York, lis initial marks.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops, fleurs on six tressure cusps, 'Є' on cusp at base of breast.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm; CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, no stops.




1470-71 groat, Bristol.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICV DI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil initial mark, saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps, 'B' on cusp at base of breast.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, short cross fitchée initial mark; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOW, trefoil stop after LA.




1470-71 half-groat, London, restoration cross initial marks.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FR, trefoil stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm ЄVm; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, no stops.




1470-71 half-groat, York, lis initial marks.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI G RЄX AnGL' z FR, trefoil stops, fleurs on tressure cusps, 'Є' on cusp at base of breast.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm; CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, no stops.

[Deeman]

Henry VI restored penny and halfpenny

The obverse design is a bust facing and a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Henry by the Grace of God, king of England' for the penny and just 'king' for the halfpenny. The reverse design is a long cross pattée dividing the coin into four quadrants circumscribed by an inscription, identifying the mint, split across the quadrants, with each inner quadrant having a trio of pellets.




1470-71 penny, London, cross pattée initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRIC DI GRA RЄX AnG, no stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1470-71 penny, London, restoration cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICV DI GRA RЄX AnG, no stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1470-71 penny, London, restoration cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1470-71 penny, York episcopal, lis initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄn[RIC DI] GRA RЄX AnGL, trefoil after RЄX, 'G' and key flanking bust. Archbishop George Neville 1464-76.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / [ЄBO] / RACI, quatrefoil at centre of cross.




1470-71 halfpenny, London, restoration cross initial mark.
Obverse inscription is hЄnRICV DI GRA RЄX.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.

[Deeman]

Edward IV second reign

Coinage in the second reign of Edward maintained a level of continuity in denominations, weight and fineness. Gold coins came in the form of angels and half angels (sometimes called angelots) with the same five denominations in silver. Bristol and the ecclesiastical mints were active, but Coventry and Norwich were not. The placement of initial marks at the start of the inscription became firmly established and provides a detailed chronology with 18 sequential marks from 1471-83.

Six denominations were struck during Edward IV's second reign:
Angel (London and Bristol mints).
Half-angel (London mint).
Groat (London, Bristol and York mints).
Half-groat (London, Bristol, Canterbury and York mints).
Penny (London, Bristol, Canterbury and Durham mints).
Halfpenny (London, Canterbury and Durham mints).

The following initial marks were used:



Issue dates with marks applicable to specific mints duly identified:
1471-83: rose – Durham and York; lis – York.
1471: Short cross fitchée.
1471-72: large annulet; trefoil; large annulet – Bristol; rose – Bristol.
1471-73: pansy – Durham.
1472: sun – Bristol (closed this year).
1472-73: small annulet.
1473-77: pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; cross in circle; cross pattée; pierced cross.
1477-80: pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross; pierced cross and central pellet; rose – Canterbury.
1480-83: heraldic cinquefoil; long cross fitchée – Canterbury.
1483: halved sun and rose.

Initial marks by denomination. Where initial marks are on both sides and differ, the initial marks are listed with an oblique separator with obverse listed first. Small silver only has an initial mark on the obverse. The only coin that can be attributed to Edward IV bearing the halved sun and rose initial mark is an angel with an inscription reading EDWARD DEI GRA (EDWARD DI GRA for Edward V). All other denominations with this initial mark have an attribution to either Edward IV or Edward V and such images are provided under Edward V.

Angel:
London: short cross fitchée; large annulet; pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; pierced cross; pierced cross & pellet; heraldic cinquefoil; halved sun and rose.
Bristol: small annulet.

Half-angel:
London: Short cross fitchée; large annulet; cross in circle; pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross & central pellet / pierced cross & pellet; heraldic cinquefoil.

Groat:
London: short cross fitchée; large annulet; trefoil; small annulet; sun; pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; pansy; cross in circle; pierced cross; pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross and central pellet; heraldic cinquefoil.
Bristol: rose; rose / small annulet; sun / small annulet; large annulet; sun.
York: lis.

Half-groat:
London: short cross fitchée; large annulet; trefoil; small annulet; sun; pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; pansy; cross in circle; cross pattée; pierced cross; pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross and central pellet; heraldic cinquefoil.
Bristol: rose / short cross fitchée.
Canterbury: rose; long cross fitchée; long cross fitchée / heraldic cinquefoil; heraldic cinquefoil.
York: lis.

Penny:
London: short cross fitchée; large annulet; trefoil; small annulet; sun; pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; pansy; cross in circle; cross pattée; pierced cross; pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross and central pellet; heraldic cinquefoil.
Bristol: rose.
Canterbury: rose; long cross fitchée.
Durham: rose; short cross fitchée; trefoil; pellet in annulet; pansy.

Halfpenny:
London: short cross fitchée; large annulet; trefoil; small annulet; sun; pellet in annulet; cross and four pellets; pansy; cross in circle; cross pattée; pierced cross; pierced cross and pellet; pierced cross and central pellet; heraldic cinquefoil.
Canterbury: rose; long cross fitchée.
Durham: rose.

[Deeman]

Edward IV second reign angel and half-angel

The obverse of the angel and half angel depicts archangel St. Michael, winged and haloed, vanquishing the dragon, within a circumscription translating to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France' for angels and Edward by the Grace of God, king of England' for half-angels. The reverse design is an English galley with the monogram 'Є' and a rose set below the main topmast, the ship surmounted by square-topped shield bearing the King's arms, all within a circumscription. The reverse inscription of an angel is PER CRVCE TVA SALVA NOS XPC REDEMPTOR or abbreviations thereof translating to 'By Thy cross save us, O Christ Redeemer'. The reverse inscription of a half-angel is O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA or abbreviations thereof translating to 'Hail thou cross my only hope'.




1471 angel, London, obverse short cross fitchée initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR CR / VCЄ TVA' SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄ' TOR, double saltires after RЄDЄ'.




1472-73 angel, London, obverse small annulet initial mark, left of halo on first coin, right of halo on second.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR CRVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPTOR, trefoil stops.




1472-73 angel, London, small annulet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR CR / VCЄ TVA' SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄ' TOR, double saltires after RЄDЄ'.




1473-77 angel, London, pellet in annulet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR CRVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPT', trefoil stops.




1473-77 angel, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, cross and four pellets initial mark, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR C / RVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPT', pierced cross initial mark, trefoil stops.




1477-80 angel, London, pierced cross with SE pellet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, trefoil stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR C / RVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPT, double saltire stops.




1480-83 angel, London, heraldic cinquefoil initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR CRVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPT', saltire stops.




1483 angel, Edward IV attribution, London, halved sun and rose initial marks. (Extremely rare.)
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAn', double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is PЄR / CRVCЄ TVA SALVA' nOS XPC' RЄDЄmPT', saltire stops.




1471-72 half-angel, London, large annulet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is O / CRVX AVЄ SPЄS V nICA, double saltire stops.




1477-80 half-angel, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', pierced cross with SE pellet initial mark, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is O / CRVX AVЄ SPЄS V nICA, combined sun and pierced cross with SW pellet initial marks, double saltire stops.




1480-83 half-angel, London, heraldic cinquefoil initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL', saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is O / CRVX AVЄ SPЄS V nICA, saltire stops.

[Deeman]

Edward IV second reign groat

The obverse of the groat depicts a crowned bust facing within a double tressure of nine arches with fleurs on cusps, all within a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription, commencing with an initial mark, is POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translating to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the mint.




1471-83 groat, York, lis initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', trefoil stops, 'Є' on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on six tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI.




1471-72 groat, Bristol, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', trefoil stops, 'B' on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on six tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOW, saltire before VIL and after LA.




1471-72 groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', large annulet initial mark, annulet stops, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, trefoil initial mark, no stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1472-73 groat, Bristol, obverse small annulet initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC', trefoil stops, 'B' on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on tressure cusps ill-defined.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; VIL / LA B / RIS / TOW, trefoil after BIS.




1472-73 groat, London, small annulet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, saltire stops, rose on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1473-77 groat, London, pellet in annulet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, lis stops, roses flanking neck, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, lis stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1473-77 groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, cross and four pellets initial mark, lis stops.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, pierced cross initial mark, saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1477-80 groat, London, pierced cross initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, double saltire stops, pellets flanking neck, fleurs on six tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, double saltire stops with rose after DЄVm; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, small extra pellet in CIVI quadrant.




1480-83 groat, London, heraldic cinquefoil initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, double saltire stops, rose on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on six tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, double saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.

[Deeman]

Edward IV second reign half-groat

The obverse of the half-groat depicts a crowned bust facing within a double tressure of nine arches with fleurs on cusps, all within a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription, commencing with an initial mark, is POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translating to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the mint.




1473-77 half-groat, London, cross over annulet (cross in circle) initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAn', no stops, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1477-80 half-groat, Canterbury, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRA, no stops, 'C' on cusp at base of breast, fleurs on six tressure cusps on first coin, eight fleurs on second. Archbishop Thomas Bourchier 1455-86.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, double saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / CAn / TOR.




1477-80 half-groat, Canterbury, rose initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRA, double saltire stops, 'C' on cusp at base of breast. Archbishop Thomas Bourchier 1455-86.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, double saltire stops; CIVI / TAS / CAn / TOR, 'C' at centre of cross.




1477-80 half-groat, London, pierced cross with SW pellet initial marks.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRA', no stops.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, no stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1480-83 half-groat, London.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRA', long cross fitchée initial mark, no stops, fleurs on seven tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Є mЄVm, heraldic cinquefoil initial mark, no stops; CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.

[Deeman]

Edward IV second reign penny

The obverse design is a bust facing and a circumscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to translates to 'Edward by the Grace of God, king of England'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée dividing the coin into four quadrants with a circumscription, identifying the London mint, split across the quadrants, with each inner quadrant having a trio of pellets.




1471-72 penny, London, annulet initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnG, no marks by neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1471-73 penny, Durham, pansy initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, lis flanking neck, 'B' to left of crown, 'V' on breast. Bishop Lawrence Booth restored (promoted to Archbishop of York in 1476).
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / DVnO / LmIЄ, 'D' at centre of cross, small extra pellet in each quadrant, 'V' in CIVI quadrant.




1471-76 penny, Durham, rose initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, lis flanking neck. Bishop Lawrence Booth restored.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / DЄ / Ram, 'D' at centre of cross.




1472-73 penny, York episcopal, annulet initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, no stops. Sede vacante. Archbishop George Neville in prison for treason Apr 1472 to Nov 74.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, no quatrefoil at centre of cross.




1473-77 penny, London, cross over pellet in annulet initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGLЄ, no marks by neck.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn.




1480-83 penny, London, heraldic cinquefoil initial mark.
Obverse inscription is ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, small extra pellet in DOn quadrant.