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English coinage of the Angevin Plantagenets

Started by Deeman, January 27, 2022, 01:16:59 PM

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Deeman

#75
Fourth gold coinage – post-treaty half-nobles

Calais issues are extremely rare. The London image shown is the only true coin known.

Designs basically follow the pre-treaty issue (with die variations). Obverse inscription now has France, replacing Aquitaine, in the king's titles. The first quarter of the shield has four lis like the treaty period issue. Calais issues have a flag at the stern.






1369-77 half-noble, Calais.
Obverse inscription is ЄD / WARD DЄI G RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC (Edward by the Grace of God, King of England and France), saltire at end, Lombardic 'N', saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, flag at the stern.
Reverse inscription is +DOmInЄ nЄ In FVRORЄ TVO ARGVAS mЄ (O Lord, rebuke me not in Thy anger, from Psalm 6), double saltire stops, fleurs in spandrels, 'Є' in centre, trefoils at each corner of the central compartment.






1369-77 half-noble, Calais.
As above, but obverse inscription ends with letter 'D'.






1369-77 half-noble, London.
Obverse design redrawn; inscription is ЄD / WARD DЄI G RЄX AnGL z FRA DnS, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, two ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse inscription is +DOmInЄ nЄ In FVRORЄ TVO ARGVAS mЄ, double saltire stops, fleurs in spandrels, upturned 'Є' in centre, fleurs at each corner of the central compartment.

Deeman

Fourth silver coinage –post-treaty groats

The design follows previous issues but now with a plain cross. France returns to the king's titles. They were only struck in London. On these groats, instead of using 'z' for 'and', a ligature of the letters Єt, Latin for 'and', has been used.






1369-77 groat, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD DI G RЄX AnGL' Єt DnS hIB Єt A (Edward by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), Lombardic 'N', saltire stops, beads on breast, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTORЄ / m mЄVm (I have made God my helper, Psalm 54.4) and CIVI / TAS / LON / DON, bar over 'N' of DON, double saltire stops but single after POSVI, saltire before LON and after DON.






1369-77 groat, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD DI G RЄX AnGL' Єt DnS hIB Єt AQ, Lombardic 'N', saltire stops, beads on breast, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄVm and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', bar over 'N' of DON, saltire stops, saltire before CIVI and before LON.






1369-77 groat, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' Єt FRAnC (Edward by the Grace of God, King of England and France), Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', double saltire stops, saltire before LOИ and after DOИ.






1369-77 groat, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' Єt FRAnC, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps, pellets flanking central fleur of crown.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV, bar over last 'V', and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', double saltire stops, saltire before LOИ and after DOИ.

Deeman

Fourth silver coinage –post-treaty half-groats

The design follows previous issues but now with a plain cross. France returns to the king's titles. They were only struck in London. On these groats, instead of using 'z' for 'and', a ligature of the letters Єt, Latin for 'and', has been used.






1369-77 half-groat, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' Єt FR (Edward by the Grace of God, King of England and France), Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, beads on king's left breast, fleurs on tressure cusps, pellets flanking central fleur of crown.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTORЄ / Єm mЄV (I have made God my helper, Psalm 54.4) and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', double saltire stops, pellet before LOИ and after DOИ.






1369-77 half-groat, type 1.
Obverse as above.
Reverse inscriptions as above except for bar above last 'V' and 'N' of DOИ. Only pellet before LOИ.






1369-77 half-groat, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGL' Єt FRAnC', Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps, pellets flanking central fleur of crown.
Reverse as type 1.

Deeman

Fourth silver coinage – post-treaty pennies

The design follows previous issues but now with a plain cross. There are two types, the earlier one having France in the king's titles. They were struck in London with limited contributions from Durham and York episcopal mints.






1369-77 penny, London.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD R AnGL Єt FRAnC (Edward, King of England and France), ligature of letters Єt - Latin for 'and', double saltire stops, pellet on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', saltire before CIVI.






1369-77 penny, London.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops, quatrefoil on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', saltire before CIVI.






1369-77 penny, London.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, saltire stops, annulet on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', small pellet in each inner angle of cross.






1369-77 penny, Durham.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops, quatrefoil on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / DVn / Olm, crozier on cross, Bishop Hatfield 1345-81.






1369-77 penny, York episcopal.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops, annulet on breast.
Reverse inscription CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, incuse design, double saltire before CIVI and ЄBO, quatrefoil at centre of cross, Archbishop John of Thoresby 1352-73.






1369-77 penny, York episcopal.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, double saltire before CIVI and ЄBO, quatrefoil enclosing pellet at centre of cross, Archbishop John of Thoresby 1352-73.






1369-77 penny, York episcopal.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, double saltire before CIVI and ЄBO, quatrefoil enclosing saltire at centre of cross, Archbishop John of Thoresby 1352-73.

Deeman

Fourth silver coinage –post-treaty farthings

Post-treaty farthings can be distinguished from their treaty period predecessors by their different obverse legend. The face is also chubbier and the letter X is now plain. The obverse letter N is usually of Lombardic style, but the reverse-barred Roman form also occurs. The reverse letter N may be of Lombardic or Roman form, horizontally barred or unbarred, the king's shoulders are shown, but there is no neck connecting them to the head.






1369-77 farthing.
Obverse inscription is +ЄDWARD RЄX AnGL', colon stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOII / DOII, unbarred 'N'.

Deeman

Richard II

Following the death in 1376 of his father Edward of Woodstock (the Black Prince), Richard became heir to his grandfather, Edward III, whom he succeeded in 1377 at the age of ten. He had inherited a throne that ruled with parliament and in front of which he had to swear to uphold the laws of the people. For a prince who sought to raise the monarchy above human restraints it was an inauspicious start. Parliament selected a regency council that excluded the king's uncle and leading lord, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. With interests split between Gaunt, parliament and the council, government became disorganised. His reign of 22 years saw a number of domestic crises, from the Peasants' Revolt (1381) to later conflicts with a disaffected nobility, culminating in his usurpation by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke (crowned Henry IV).

The plague that struck Britain from 1348 killed almost half the population. Those agricultural workers who survived now found their wages rising (by 200-300%) as demand for their services by competing landlords increased. However, the landlords were reluctant to pay the higher wages or allow workers to move to rival estates. In order to fund the ongoing war in France which Richard II's predecessor had started, a series of heavy and increasingly unpopular taxes were levied. Hit by the landlord's attitude, three poll taxes and legislation which stated that wages could not rise above pre-plague levels, the ambitious and assertive Yeomen of Essex and Kent rebelled, led by Wat Tyler. The 'Poll Tax' of 1380 became particularly hated, as it took no account of individual wealth or earnings and demanded the same sum from all, rich or poor. This was the first large-scale revolt by common people in English history. The proficiency of English commoners with the armour-penetrating longbow gave them an advantage over well-equipped social superiors and they managed to overrun much of London and kill many of the unpopular nobles, including the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Treasurer and the Archbishop of Canterbury, as well as destroying their property. All this was a judgement on those who were governing the country in Richard's name.

The young king, realising his forces were not enough to crush the rebellion by force, confronted the mob and, during the course of negotiations, he promised to agree to their demands and to pardon them all for the revolt. The rebels dispersed and over the next few weeks their leaders were captured and executed and the power of the church and landowning classes was soon restored. Richard had been forced by his Council's advice to rescind the pardons he had given.

In 1382, Richard II began to assert his royal authority and married Anne of Bohemia when they were both 15 years old. The couple were married for 12 years until her death. In spite of his decisive handling of the Peasant's Revolt, the king was not well respected by the nobility and the disaffected Commons because of his view that a monarch should be absolute. Richard's authoritarian approach upset vested interests, and his increasing dependence on favourites provoked resentment. In 1388 the 'Merciless Parliament', led by a group of lords, hostile to Richard, sentenced many of the king's sycophants to death and forced Richard to renew his coronation oath. In 1389, Richard's staunch ally John of Gaunt returned from the continent and authority was restored to the king, tempered by the moderating influence of Lancaster and his queen.

Richard could finally put his own mark onto royal government and follow his own instincts towards peace, which had the secondary advantage of freeing the king from parliament's hold over financial provision. He could also develop his own idea of a more 'absolute' rule. Using his 1390 Book of Statutes, Richard now rebuilt his government, authority and image. He had learnt to create his own loyal retinue, to put trusted men in office and to end the war with France and thereby the crown's dependence on parliamentary grants of taxation to pay for the fighting. The death of his first queen, Anne of Bohemia, in 1394 further isolated Richard, and his subsequent arbitrary behaviour alienated people further.

Soon after his wife's funeral, Richard II departed England for Ireland as part of a concerted effort to reconcile the Gaelic Irish with the Anglo-Irish in his position as Lord of Ireland. Richard's achievements in Ireland would rank as one of Richard's greatest, alongside his actions in defusing the Peasant Revolt, and upon his return in 1395, he had gained much support at home for his success. Within two years, Richard II felt strong enough to take revenge on those who had humiliated him a decade earlier. Amongst these was Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford. Richard had finally gained his revenge and secured his power, or so he thought.

The legality of these actions was viewed as arbitrary, and taken without due process of law. His actions enraged many of the powerful nobles. However, Richard felt secure in spite of this. As peace reigned in France (secured by his marriage to the 7-year-old Isabella of Valois in 1396) he had no reason to raise ruinous taxes that would dent his popularity. However, a series of events in 1399 rapidly led to the downfall of the King. The first came on the 3 Feb when John of Gaunt died. Not only had Richard lost one of his most powerful allies but his title and lands would now pass on to the exiled Henry of Bolingbroke. Richard feared for the consequences of allowing him to inherit the powerful assets of his late ally, and so, in another example of his arbitrary impulses, he extended what had originally been a 10-year exile into a lifetime banishment, and stripped Bolingbroke of his right to inherit the lands and titles of his late father. Secondly, feeling so secure, Richard went on a new expedition to Ireland to secure English rule there. Thirdly, in Mar 1399, Louis I, Duke of Orleans, seized control of the French Court of his incapacitated brother, Charles VI. Louis viewed it as expedient that Bolingbroke should be allowed to leave France for England, and he did so, landing in Yorkshire. The Duke of York, whom Richard II had left in charge of England in his absence, quickly threw his support behind Henry, who at this stage claimed only to be taking his rightful inheritance as Duke of Lancaster. As news of his landing spread, many more flocked to his banner, and the City of London, with whom Henry had always been popular, opened its gates to him. Richard now realised that his position in England was now all but hopeless, and he resigned himself to surrendering to Henry. On 30 Sep, Richard II abdicated in favour of Bolingbroke, who crowned himself as Henry IV on the 19 Oct.

Richard constructed the first royal bathhouse, may well have invented the pocket handkerchief and used a spoon for the first time. In his patronage of architecture and personal piety, his reign has a powerful legacy in some of the key parts of Westminster Great Hall, York Minster and Canterbury Cathedral. Richard built the magnificent hammer beam roof for the hall. He was the first king to recruit a full-time bodyguard of loyal Cheshire bowmen, often deployed to intimidate his foes.

Deeman

Richard II coinage

Numismatically, the coinage of Richard II was little different from those of his grandfather, Edward III or those of his successor Henry IV. He maintained the weight standards bequeathed to him his predecessor (noble at 120 grains), but made no attempt to restore the previous weights as they had been before his grandfather had reduced them in order to fund his campaigns against France.

He had inherited an impoverished treasury. Ruinous expenses of mismanaged wars and minting conditions made a healthy coinage virtually impossible. Merchants continually complained that the realm was being denuded of its gold and silver, making internal trade most difficult, while the low price offered by the mint for the precious metals made it unprofitable for them to bring bullion to be coined. The fact is that the world price of silver had risen in terms of produce and only a reduction in the weight of the penny would have eased the situation. This, however, was prohibited by law and was not considered during his reign.

Copious issues of groats and halves had been made during the ten years following their introduction in 1351, but thereafter there was a rapid fall in silver output and, in 1377, output was down 97%. Maybe there was an adequate supply of these coins, more or less worn, was still in circulation, but the position as to the small change, the pennies, halfpennies, and farthings needed by the public for day-to-day purchases, was very different. From 1351, Edward III had issued little small silver. The mintmasters were always reluctant to strike these as they were difficult to handle and provided inadequate profit. Petition after petition was presented to Parliament in the years from 1377 to 1390 asking that the king should compel the mintmasters to strike some small money. During most of those years, the country was run in the king's name by a series of 'continual councils' comprising nine councillors elected on a yearly basis.

When Richard eventually assumed personal power in 1389, at the age of 21, there was a great increase in mint output. Apparently, Richard supplied a large amount of bullion from his own treasury for the striking of small silver so desperately needed.

Eight denominations were struck in Richard II's reign:
Noble and half-noble (London and Calais mints). Calais strikes distinguished by a flag at the stern of the ship.
Quarter noble (London mint).
Groat, half-groat, halfpenny and farthing (London mint).
Penny (London and Durham & York episcopal mints).

A mark, such as a lion, scallop or a crescent was placed on the rudder of the ship to some nobles and half-nobles to distinguish the issues. This system of privy marking was developed during succeeding reigns and continued to the end of Charles I's reign.

A distinguishing feature of the groats and half-groats is that the 'Ns' on the reverse are backwards and the last 'N' in LONDON frequently has a bar above it.

The coinage of halfpennies was extensive. Five different portraits can be identified, the first continuing from the treaty coins of Edward III and the last two continuing into the reign of Henry VI.
There are two different portraits used for farthings, with the first being a carry-over from Edward III.

Deeman

Richard II nobles

Designs basically follow Edward III issues. Obverse inscription includes France and Aquitaine or just Aquitaine in the king's titles. Coins with a flag at the stern are from the Calais mint.






1377 noble, Calais, type 1a, Edward III lettering.
Obverse inscription is ЄDW / ARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL Єt FRAnC DnS hIB Єt AQT' (Edward by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), ligature of letters Єt - Latin for 'and', Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, annulet before 'ЄDW', three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, flag at the stern.
Reverse inscription is +IhC AVTЄm TRAnCIЄnS PЄR mЄDIV ILLORVm IBAT (But Jesus passing through their midst went His way, Luke 4:30), double saltire stops, fleurs in spandrels, 'R' in centre, trefoils at corners of central compartment.

When Edward III died, the London mint being apparently unable to prepare in time any Calais obverse dies for the noble showing the new king Richard's name, sent over one of Edward's, managing only to alter a reverse die with 'R' in the centre.






1377-99 noble, Calais, type 1b left, 2a right.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD D G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D hIB z AQ (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), quatrefoil over sail, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, annulet before 'RIC', three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, flag at the stern.
Reverse as above.






1377-99 noble, Calais, type 2c (porcine style).
Obverse design redrawn; inscription is RIC / ARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL DnS hyB z AQVIT (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), quatrefoil over sail, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, flag at the stern.
Reverse as above, but redrawn crowns.






1377-99 noble, Calais, type 3b. (Type 3 coins have French title resumed.)
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL z FRAnC DnS hIB z AQ / T (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), quatrefoil over sail, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse as above.






1377-99 noble, Calais, type 3c.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD D G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D hIB z AQ / T (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), quatrefoil over sail, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, lion passant on rudder of ship, pellet above shield and one to lower right.
Reverse as above.






1377-99 noble, London, type 1a left, 1b right.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD D G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D hIB z AQ (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel. Type 1a with lis over sail, type 1b with annulet over sail.
Reverse as Calais.






1377-99 noble, London, type 2b.
Obverse inscription RIC / ARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL DnS hyB z AQT (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, trefoil of pellets over sail.
Reverse as Calais.






1377-99 noble, London, type 3a left, 3b right.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD D G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D hIB z AQ / T (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse as Calais, but lis on rudder of ship for type 3b.






1377-99 noble, London, type 4a left, 4b right.
As London type 3a, but scallop on rudder of ship for type 4a, crescent for type 4b.

Deeman

Richard II half-nobles

Designs basically follow Edward III issues. Obverse inscription includes France and Aquitaine or just Aquitaine in the king's titles. Coins with a flag at the stern are from the Calais mint and are very rare.






1377 half-noble, London, type 1a.
Obverse inscription is RIC (over EDW) / ARD D G [RЄX AnGL Єt F D] hIB Єt AQ (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine), ligature of letters Єt - Latin for 'and', Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse inscription is +DOmInЄ nЄ In FVRORЄ TVO ARGVAS mЄ (O Lord, rebuke me not in Thy anger, from Psalm 6), double saltire stops, fleurs in spandrels, 'R' over 'Є' in centre, trefoils at corners of central compartment.






1377 half-noble, London, type 1a.
Obverse inscription is RIC (over EDW) / ARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL Єt FR D [...], ligature of letters Єt - Latin for 'and', Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, no gun ports, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse as above, but inverted 'R' over 'Є' in centre on left coin, centre letter blundered on right coin.






1377-99 half-noble, London, type 1b.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD DI G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D h, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, no gun ports, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel.
Reverse as above, but 'R' in centre.






1377-99 half-noble, London, type 2a.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD [...] DnS hIB z AQT, Lombardic 'N', saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, incuse saltire over sail.
Reverse as type 1b.






1377-99 half-noble, Calais, type 1b.
Obverse inscription is RIC / ARD D G RЄX AnGL z F D hIB z AQ, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, flag at the stern, quatrefoil above sail.
Reverse as London type 1b.






1377-99 half-noble, Calais, type 3c.
Obverse inscription is RICA / RD D G RЄX AnGL z FRAnC D h, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, three ropes from stern and one from prow of vessel, saltire behind rudder, flag at the stern.
Reverse as London type 1b.


Deeman

Richard II quarter-nobles

Designs basically follow Edward III treaty issues. All struck at the London mint.






1377-99 quarter-noble, type 1a.
Obverse inscription is RICARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL' (Richard by the Grace of God, King of England) with double saltire stops, circumscribing a Royal shield within eight-arched tressure with fleurs on cusps.
Reverse inscription is +ЄXALTABITVR In GLORIA (He shall be exalted in glory, Psalm 112:9) with double saltire stops, circumscribing a floriated cross with lis at end of each limb within eight-arched tressure, fleurs at the corners of an ornate central compartment containing letter 'R'; in each angle of cross, a lion passant, guardant.






1377-99 quarter-noble, type 1b.
Obverse inscription is RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnG, double saltire stops.
Reverse as above but lis in central compartment.






1377-99 quarter-noble, type 4a.
Obverse inscription is RICARD DЄI GRA RЄX AnGL', double saltire stops, scallop over shield.
Reverse as above but pellet in central compartment.

Deeman

#85
Richard II groats and half groats

The obverse of the groats depicts a crowned bust facing within a nine-arched double tressure, all within a circumscription translating to 'Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France'. The reverse design is a long cross pattée, upon twin concentric inscriptions divided across the quadrants of the cross, with a trefoil of pellets in each inner angle. The outer inscription POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM or abbreviations thereof translates to 'I have made God my helper' from Psalm 54.4, and the inner inscription identifies the London mint.
The design of the half-groat follows the groat pattern. The obverse inscription can be with or without French title.






1377-99 early groat, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' Єt FRAnCIЄ, ligature of letters Єt - Latin for 'and', Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps. Bust and lettering as on coins of Edward III.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', bar over last 'V' and 'N' in DOИ, double saltire stops.






1377-99 groat, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnC, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', bar over last 'V', double saltire stops with a double before CIVI.






1377-99 groat, type 3.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FRAnCIЄ, Lombardic 'N', fishtail serifs to letters, double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps, bust with bushy hair.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', double saltire stops.






1377-99 half-groat, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnGLIЄ, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', bar over 'N' in DOИ, double saltire stops.






1377-99 half-groat, type 3.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD DI GRA RЄX AnGL' z FR, Lombardic 'N', double saltire stops, fleurs on tressure cusps.
Reverse inscriptions are +POSVI / DЄVm A / DIVTOR / Єm mЄV and CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', saltire stops.

Deeman

Richard II pennies

They all have a bust facing and a circumscribing inscription, commencing with an initial mark, which translates to 'Richard by the Grace of God, King of England and France' or just England omitting French title. The reverse design is a long cross pattée dividing the coin into four quadrants circumscribed by an inscription, identifying the mint, split across the quadrants, with each inner quadrant having a trio of pellets.






1377-90 penny, London, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +RICARDVS [RЄX AnG]LIЄ, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', saltire before CIVI.






1377-90 penny, London, type 2.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnG[LIЄ z FRAnC, double saltire stops, lis on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', saltire before CIVI.






1390-99 penny, London, type 3.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RCX AnGLIЄ, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-90 penny, Durham.
Obverse inscription is +RICARDVS RЄX AnGLIЄ, lis on breast, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / DVn / Olm, saltire before CIVI, Bishop Hatfield 1345-81.






1390-99 penny, York episcopal.
Obverse inscription is +RICARDVS RЄX AnGILIЄ, pellets flanking shoulder, local dies.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / ЄBO / RACI, quatrefoil at centre of cross, Archbishop Alexander Neville 1374-88 or Thomas Arundel 1388-96.

Deeman

Richard II halfpennies

The obverse of the early strikes of Richard II halfpennies has the crown (straight-sided side fleurs), face and hair of the Edward III treaty period issues. There are many obverse punctuation varieties and some have a cross, annulet or pellet on the breast. The obverse inscription is RICARD RЄX AnGL (most common) or RICARD RЄX AnG. The letter 'N' in London on the reverse can be Roman, retrograde or Lombardic.

The intermediate strikes have a crown with curved outer fleurs. The obverse inscription is RICARD RЄX AnGL (most common), RICARD RЄX AnGLIЄ or RICARD RЄX AnGL xF. Many have lettering with fishtail serifs. The letter 'N' in London is always Lombardic.

The late style has a wider crown than the intermediate issue and usually displays a line under the bust which can be very thin.






1377-99 early halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL', double saltire stops on left coin, colon stops on right.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 early halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD' RЄX AnGL', double saltire stops, annulet on breast.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOИ / DOИ, retrograde 'N', bar over 'N' in DOИ.






1377-99 intermediate halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL', double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 intermediate halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL', saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 intermediate halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL' F, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 late halfpenny
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL' F, double saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.

Deeman

Richard II farthings

A farthing paid for: the toll for a laden horse to cross Holborn Bridge; the price of half a gallon of best ale; the cost of two red herrings; or the charge imposed by the city for every laden horse passing through the city gates.

There are two types of Richard II farthings. Type 1 has a small head, sometimes missing a neck, from the same punches as those used for Edward III. The extremely scarce type 2 has a larger face with straighter, longer hair.






1377-99 farthing, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL', with neck, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 farthing, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL, no neck, colon stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.






1377-99 farthing, type 1.
Obverse inscription is +RICARD RЄX AnGL', with neck, saltire stops.
Reverse inscription is CIVI / TAS / LOn / DOn, Lombardic 'N'.

Deeman